Japan on Tuesday approved a major overhaul of its defense export rules, removing long-standing limits on lethal weapons sales and opening the door to exports of fighter jets, missiles and warships.
“No single country can now protect its own peace and security alone, and partner countries that support each other in terms of defense equipment are necessary,” Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi said in a post on X. She has framed the move as both a security necessity and an economic opportunity to boost Japan’s domestic arms industry.
The change marks a significant departure from the pacifist principles that guided Japan’s postwar security policy. Until now, weapons exports had been largely confined to five categories: rescue, transport, surveillance, warning and minesweeping equipment. The revised guidelines eliminate those categories and allow approval for all defense equipment, subject to government screening and controls to prevent transfers to third countries.
Takaichi emphasized continuity with Japan’s pacifist identity, saying the government remains committed to “the path and fundamental principles we have followed as a peace-loving nation for over 80 years since the war” and that equipment transfers will be “strategically promoted” with rigorous review.
The policy shift comes amid growing global conflicts and strains on US weapons production, creating opportunities for other suppliers. It has drawn criticism from China, which expressed “serious” concern and pledged to oppose what it termed Tokyo’s “reckless” militarization. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Guo Jiakun warned the international community would remain vigilant.
By contrast, Japan’s defense partners, including Australia, have welcomed the change, and it has attracted interest from Southeast Asian and European nations. Supporters say the move will better integrate Japan into global defense supply chains and strengthen its security posture amid regional tensions, particularly regarding China and disputes in the East China Sea near Taiwan. Critics warn it risks eroding Japan’s long-standing commitment to pacifism.
Tokyo has also been increasing military spending, which has reached roughly 2% of GDP, with further rises expected under Takaichi’s government as it seeks to deter regional threats and expand its defense industrial base.
Edited by: Louis Oelofse